Wacana
Journal,
Electronic journals published Graduate Program,
Electronic journals published Graduate Program,
Brawijaya University.
Women’s Participation in Rural Development
(A Gender
Study on the Women’s Involvement in Musrenbangdes
in the
Villages District Blayu and Patokpicis Wajak Malang)
Ahmad Jaenudin
1*
Lecturer:
Darsono Wisadirana, Sholih Mu’adi
Sociology
Faculty of
Social Science and Political Science
University of
Brawijaya
Abstract
The patriarchate pattern in the rural society
limits the right and obligaten among women to contribute in rural development
through musrenbangdes. The main
problem of the research is how is women participation in rural development
through musrenbangdes? The aim of this
research is to analyze the positions, ferms, and factors that influence the
women participation. This is a qualitative research, using PRA Robert Chambers
approachment, snowballing sampling technigue,
primary data collecting technigue through; observation, interview, FGD. And secundary
data collecting through; documents, data
validity examination technique, source
based triangulation, and data management technique; Miles and Huberman
interactive analysis. Results; 1) Contribution position in administrative and
consumption field, 2) Direct contribution in programme planning and programme
accomplishment, indirect contribution as a participator and moral supporting,
3) Supporting factors; women awareness, socialization and invitation, chance to
be part of stakeholder, male support. As the carrier factors; unsuitable schedule of the musrenbangdes for the women, the women
multiple roles, lack of socialization and invitation, low level of education.
Summary, the inferior position and women minimun contribution due to some
internal and external factors from the women side themselves. As consideration,
it is necessary for the rural government to increase the socialization, the
awareness of the female , increasing male support, and the importance of women rural leader.
Keywords: Participation,
Women, Rural Development, Musrenbangdes
INTRODUCTION*
Background of the Study.
The recent issuance of UU
No. 6/2014 (Law on village regulation) on principle of the participation,
equality and empowerment, has been increasing the marginalisation of women in
rural development, especially in their urban region that includes several
hamlets. Moreover, referring to the act in article 58 clause 1, BPD (Badan Perwakilan Desa – Village
Representative Body) takes the role as consideration of the composition under
the village consultative body, which becomes a reference for the implementation
of democracy in the rural area. Also, it acts as a form of governance’s gravity
in reinforcing the gender aspects, by means of a guidance in improving women’s
capability, particularly in rural areas where is still considered to be lagging
behind.
The previous explanation turns
into a symbol of democracy, which is, today, struggling for the gender aspects
from the governance in order to grow the women’s capacity that may lead to be
an index of their rural development.
The women’s participation
in developing rural area provoke different perceptions or views among
individuals, since the culture constructions have put up the citizens’ paradigm
in placing a woman in their social environment [1]. This point of view reveals
the women’s position in the environment, and it is clearly hard to change the understanding
in the society relating to the part of women. This condition, likes patriarchy,
could inhibit the contribution of women in their area.
Nowadays, the women’s
participation – related issues are still relatively low, starting from the
positions, forms of participation and the factors. The involvement of women in
the modern era cannot be separated from the role of the men. As similar to the
situation, this study attempts to analyse the women’s involvement in rural
development, which had been concerned on the Musrenbangdes (Rural Development Planning Meeting).
Governance has conducted
numerous hard works to portray issue relating to the low involvement of women. Yet,
it is quietly needed to hold a research on women’s involvement. For instance,
the forms of women’s participation in Mangrove conservation that was still in
the low rate. Rather, there was 2% of women’s involvement, was categorized as
low achievement, in cooperative activities and paying cooperative group women dues [2].
It can be described that
the women’s contribution in the local governance activities fall into the low
category. Under this situation, the researcher interests in having study on
define and investigate the positions, forms, supporter as well as resistor
factors for rising women’s capability in Musrenbangdes.
The role of women through involvement will significantly determine their rights
and obligations in the rural development programs.
There was lack of control
from the steering committee and the executive about the women’s participation,
then the chairman of commission and the head of women’s representative team had
not met the minimum quota, which was 30%, linking to the mayor regulation No.
18A/2009 [3]. According to these phenomena, it could be known that women’s
involvement in Musrenbangdes is less
control, it should be distinguished that women have direct participation and
deserve to gain position and strategic authority. More specifically, the
dominant role of men tending to override the women’s role, can influence the
division of burden. However, the equalization of performance will foster and
advance the women’s ability and competence to develop the rural area.
That matter shows that the
study about women’s participation is importance to be conducted. The study is
useful for providing consideration the progress of village development that is
inseparable from the whole community involvement, as well as the women.
Besides, the village success may be reached by well-informed about the
community needs and capability.
Statement of the Problem
Based on the background of
the study, the research problem of this study can be formulated as: have the Musrenbangdes in the Blayu and
Patokpicis villages involved women? Then, how are the positions, forms, and
factors of women’s involvement in Musrenbangdes?
Purpose and Significance
of the Study
This is useful as control
for the researcher to analyse the existed problem. Theoretically, the finding
of study can be used for adding insight and enriching knowledge about gender
and women’s participation in rural development, specifically in planning for
the participatory development in Musrenbangdes.
Practically, governance
can solve the problem linking to the rural development and women, precisely, in
order to attempt to streamline the involvement of women. Furthermore, for
women, it can be used for increasing capability in the standard of living and
social status.
Materials and Methods
Material: Basic Theory
This study firstly engages
gender approach and development (GaD), which then had advanced by Moser gender
analysis. Gad, today, is well-known as an effort to elevate women’s capacity,
because women take a part of agent of change in some of sustainable development
activities that have not been looked at the women side.
The supporter theory is
coming from Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA) by Robert Chambers, it benefits for a guideline in examining
issues of women’s involvement and participatory planning in Musrenbangdes.
Material: Understanding of
Concepts
1) Women’s involvement that researcher meant are how the women get involved
in the village apparatus or Musrenbangdes,
which cover the involvement on the planning, implementing and evaluating
process.
2) Maskun S. (1995) states that rural development can be described as the
whole developmental activities that are going on the village, and cover all
aspects of community that is implemented in an integrated manner by developing
self-help organization, which is essentially a development of self-reliance and
self-help so that people can upgrade themselves to gain the better life [4].
3) Musrenbangdes is a community participatory planning which aimed to arrange the plan
of rural development in the medium and long-time span that has been mentioned
in the UU No.25/2004.
Methods: Research Method
The design of this
research was qualitative which described and summarized the various conditions,
situations or variables [5]. Then, the used approach was Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) that had been noted by Robert
Chambers, this approach emphasized on the importance of the process of sharing of knowledge among the
researcher and the informant where the research was conducted.
Substantially focus of
this research was the women’s involvement in the Musrenbangdes, which could be described: 1) the position of women’s
involvement which were stated the employment or women’s strategic place of
work., 2) the forms of involvement that were describing type of involvement in
either directly or indirectly, and 3) the participations’ factors that were
supporting and resisting factors.
Research was directed to
the Blayu and Patokpicis villages, Wajak sub district, Malang district.
Including two villages in this study was a method in comparing the level of
organizing Musrenbangdes in those
villages. Then, the previous researcher also applied the same instrument as the
current research that observed the involvement of all women’s in their research
villages.
The sampling technique
that had been used was Snowballing
Sampling, it was done since the researcher had not deeply figured the
informants out in those area.
The researcher employed
the mainly informant for the primary information, as well as the secondary
informants, who played as proponent information. In order to attain and fit up
the required data during investigation, the researcher engaged those kinds of
data.
The measurement technique
from the instruments was completed by triangulation, which was cited by Dezin,
1978 [6], triangulation was thru by discriminating four triangulations to be
measurement technique by using 1) sources, 2) methods, 3) investigator or
researcher, and 4) theories. The used triangulation technique meant comparing
and rechecking the degree of confidence in the obtained information through
different times and tools [7]. Referring to the technique, the researcher
firstly compared the result of observation with interviews. Next, the
researcher compared the interview result with a content of document which
allied to the study.
The information processing
technique was by using Miles and Huberman interactive analysis [8]., it was
beginning with collecting data, reducing data, displaying data, and summarizing.
Data Collection
The technique of data
collection referred to the qualitative research design. Firstly, the researcher
observed the location where the study was directed, the researcher had two
roles at once that was being a community members and the informant who attended
the activities in Musrenbangdes.
Secondly, the researcher held interview section with unstructured instructions.
The reason behind that treatment was the researcher’s expectation to gain
deepest information which could answer the research problems and objectives. Thirdly, the researcher put the intimacy with
the informant during the research into a photo. In addition, the documentation
also recorded the activities to carry out qualitative research method. Lastly, via focus group discussion (FGD) advantaged for additional information
to look for further information, such as the background and condition of the
object and informant in the research sites.
RESULT AND
DISCUSSION
1.
The Position of
Women’s Involvement
Debating about the
position of women’s involvement was divided into two segments, which were:
1) Women’s position in the village apparatus
Women and village are two
issues that cannot be divided. Today, village plays as a unit of government and
the presence of regional autonomy creates a village as a form of
decentralization. This condition strengthens the village roles to manage their
area based on the community needs. Subsequently, the existence of village’s
authority may lead to the direction of village development. What is happening on
the rural or village development should be well-known by all members community,
including women. As well as men, women have roles and positions in the village.
Women’ participation in
the bureaucracy is still not moving to be higher. In this research, the women’s
position in the village apparatus had not met the need, it is reported that the
number of women is not reaching out 30%.
The research finding showed
that in the research sites, women tended to place on administrative and financial
affairs. The result derived from the assumption that women had more accuracy
and competency than men in the administration field.
2) Women’s position in Musrenbangdes
The
researcher encountered four positions of the women through their involvement in
Musrenbangdes, they were:
a. Women’ position dan Musrenbangdes’
stakeholders
The
finding showed that the women’s position in Musrenbangdes
was influenced by the Stakeholders. There
was a tendency where Stakeholders or village apparatus assign their wives to go
side by side in every agenda, in the attendance rate, it tended to put the
wives of village apparatus in prior. Ideally, the women’s position in Musrenbangdes could come from any
society without exception. Unfortunately, the women’s position intended to be
determined by the village apparatus.
Well,
actually this problem was an issue of participatory planning, from its concepts
which had to be openly prior to all community, so that they could get involved.
Yet, some of village apparatus had lack of attention to let other women in front
of society to actively give contribution to the village governance or Musrenbangdes.
b. Women’s position in Administration
There
was a plenty of involvement where lied women on the administration field. This
duty had been formerly specified its job description and function by the
village apparatus who had an authority to did that. This situation could be
worse when women were merely in administrative and financial affairs, because
comparing to the men who could flexibly occupy in any position of village
apparatus or Musrenbangdes. Afterwards,
women were more considered to be always ready and accurate in the
administration domain, as well women were more attractive to host the guest.
c. Women’s position in consumption field
Women
and consumption is like a twin in the community. This notion had also been found
in this study, women identically knew and were more knowledgeable in serving
the need in every agenda of Musrenbangdes.
It had already been known that women were more skilled than man. More
interestingly, some of women, usually placed on the consumption and
administration affairs, actively conveyed their idea at the planning forum of Musrenbangdes. The informants added that those active women were
mostly the wives of village apparatus, they knew very well what happened and
what going to happen because they enthusiastically went after the village
programs.
d. Women’s position as a complement
The
public’s disclosure to the role of women is already widespread, both at rural
and urban area. Unfortunately, the researcher resulted that there was an
opinion about the role of women as a complement. Whereas, the women’s
involvement in Musrenbangdes should
occupy all the society members, without any allowance of women. That assumption
was considered incompatible with the principle of participatory planning. The
informants remarked that the dominant roles of men increase that opinion in the
society associated to the women’s participation.
The
women’s positions in this research were still underdeveloped. Those were
indicated by the position that put into the women during the Musrenbangdes still in the
administration, financial and consumption affairs. It should be noted that the
women’s and men’s involvement must be in balance, since the concept of gender
equality had been declared in the development. Inappropriately, the space for
women in the organization were still restricted and determined by the men.
Governance
had attempted to realize the principle of participatory planning.
Theoretically, the approach of gender and development was a way to overcome the
gender gap by giving a chance to women to get involved in rural development
program.
Further,
those findings were connected to Moser (1993) gender analysis, through analysis
of labour and work division pattern (the profile of agenda). The analysis could
be seen how the stakeholders involve women or group of women, like women
organization, to be aware of gender equality in participatory planning. Then,
based on the objective of analysis, the researcher wanted to ensure the women’s
need which could be include to the village planning process in realizing gender
equality and justice at the family and community level.
Meanwhile, the findings
revealed that the stakeholders less involve women as a whole, the involvement
included administration, consumption, and the role of women as a complement in
the participatory planning. Those positions resulted in the weaknesses of
women’s decision-making power.
Related to the low women’s
involvement, it needed to be improved about the women’s involvement in many
ways. For example, the village apparatus could recruit more women in the
structure of village administrations and Musrenbangdes
committees. Along with gender equality
and rural development, women must optimize their ability in the participatory
planning. The women’s involvement could help women to upgrade their capability.
2.
The forms of
women’s involvement
This section provides the
forms of women involvement, which could be defined as several actions from
women directly weather during the implementation of Musrenbangdes or not, those were:
1) Direct involvement
The direct involvement of women in Musrenbangdes
was a priority of participatory planning, which were:
a. Involvement in planning forum
The
women through their involvement in the planning forum are importance, because
it will set the women’s rights and obligations that has been poured in the
village program, that has been proposed in the planning forum. The research findings also reported that
women identically deliver their women’s problem, such as health care or PKK (Pembinaan/ pemberdayaan Kesejahteraan
Keluarga – Family Welfare Development Program), which was
totally difference with the men who were proposing infrastructure of the
village needs.
b. Involvement in program implementation
The
women’s participation was not only when they were in the Musrenbangdes, but also when the implementation. Women also
actively participated in the PKK or Posyandu
(Pos Pelayanan Terpadu – Integrated Health Service clinic). It showed
that women directly took part in the agenda, and their activeness was useful to
support the village program that had been running on.
2) Indirect involvement
The
forms of indirect involvement were the women’s support in Musrenbangdaes, which were:
a. Involvement as a participant
The
findings showed that in many cases, women were not maximally involved on the Musrenbangdes. It was known by the lack
of women’s involvement in the committees, most of women to be a participant or
social audience. There was lack of authority which voiced about the role of
women in the committees of Musendangdes,
it would be useful to manage the planning forum. Consequently, a lot of women
just came and seated to enjoy the event, women only took the concept from the
committee for granted. There was a poor feedback for woman in determining the
meetings outcome. The women who expressed active respond was tended to the
wives of village apparatus.
b. The women’s moral support
The
women who did not directly participate in Musrenbangdes,
intended to be more actively join the program in rural development that had
run. They were joining that program because it could be exposed as a part of
moral support in order to show their care about participatory planning in their
area. It could be indicated by material
donation by the women, then they tended to be reluctant to engage in the
planning forum, since they felt that their rights and obligations had already
represented by the wives of village apparatus.
The
all findings could be associated to the Moser (1993) gender analysis. It might
be seen that the women’ forms of involvement belonged to the pattern of access
profile analysis (opportunities) and control (strength in decision making). The forms dialed
with physical and social-cultural resources, like in information media,
education, and training skills.
Through this analysis pattern,
it benefited for analyzing the forms of involvement on the findings, especially
concerning on the women and Musrenbangdes.
The findings resulted that there is an involvement of women while performing Musrenbangdes, besides, it also existed
indirectly women’s involvement as participants and moral supporter in the
participatory planning.
It could not be regretted
that the woman’s involvement in planning forum also had been analysed. It might
be understood that Musrenbangdes is a
village level consultative forum to determine the village program. Meanwhile,
the result of findings showed that more than a half of women were enthusiast in
joining the forum, even though in a low attendance rate when compared to men.
The informants from two
research sites supported the planning forum, because the women’s involvement
highly established their rights and obligations in their villages. The decision
making of women have a tendency to prioritize their own feminine activities, for
example, their involvement in the health care and household welfare or Posyandu and PKK.
More specifically, the
media of decision-making from women was inseparable from women’s interest
groups, as they were coming from Posyandu
frontline and The PKK driving team.
On contrary with the men
team, planning forum tended to prioritize physical media, that make the
assumption that men were more knowledgeable in the physically rural need,
rather women who were connecting to the health care media and household
welfare.
3.
Involvement
Factors
UU
on the village regulation No. 6/2004 establish the principle of participation,
equality and empowerment, as a chance for the community to get involved in all
rural development agenda, one of which is Musrenbangdes.
Yet, the implementation of that agenda had not fulfilled the society,
particularly a woman. This section presents the problem descriptions, including
the supporting and resisting factors of women’s involvement in Musrenbangdes. The explanations would be
delivered as follows:
1) Supporting factor
a. The women’s awareness to participate
A
reason of women’s involvement is their awareness to participate in Musrenbangdes. Actually, this program
had already written as a women’s empowerment program from the governance to
each woman in rural area. The women’s awareness included their effort to find
out what was designed by Musrenbangdes,
because their knowing would be helpful for determining the village program that
had been approved and held. Further, the awareness of wives of village
apparatus could also boosted the village government activities.
b. Socialization and invitation to paricipate
To
invite the women through their involvement in every agenda that has been
holding by the Musrenbangdes forum, could be done by spread out the
socialization and invitation to the participants. Based on the findings,
invitation was being a priority for women’s involvement. The invitation was directed to the community by village apparatus or the
committee. In addition, spreading invitation and socialization was a serious
action of village apparatus in gaining more presence of women to attend the
Musrenbangdes event.
c. A chance for women to participate
The
principle of participatory planning that has been performance by Musrenbandes,
opened up an opportunity or a chance for women to convery their aspiration. It
should be noted that the women’s involvement who helped or replaced the
position of men had not been well targeted, because it was not in accordance
with the participatory principle.
This
result showed that women could be more active on public sphere, with the
existance of chance to represent the woman groups or replaced the men who was
her husband and active in village apparatus.
d. A support by her husband
The
ongoing involvement of women could not be separated from the role of man who
became husbands. The results found that the role of husband significantly
determined the women’s spaces. The role of each man and woman has already
mentioned in the basic concept of gender. The women’s involvement in Musrenbangdes should be enthusiastically
supported by the men, who persuaded them to acquire their rights and
obligations. It was interesting, because in rural area still closely adhered to
patriarchy, which restricted the women’s work space outside the home.
2) Resisting factor
Problems
faced by women, starting from household, social, level of knowledge or
education, are often being barriers for them to be active in rural development,
such the results of the following study which has been mentioned as:
a. Timetable of Musrenbangdes
event
The
event of Musrenbangdes in 2017 had
held in the evening to night, this timing became an obstacle for women to
attend the event because at that time they should be at home with their family.
Prevailing norms and cultures restricted women’s movement in the evening or at
night. In contrast, Patokpicis village held the event at noon, which was a
favorable time for women to be there, since they had enough time to join in
every agenda in the Musrenbangdes event.
b. Double burden of women
Household
activities make a woman have to tackle a double role at once, at the same time,
working outside the home sufficiently put the women up to be bothered in
divining their time. The results of study also found that the double role of
women created a difficulty for women through their involvement in Musrenbangdes, several women who acted
as housewives could not be maximally on duty in joining participatory planning
of Musrenbangdes. The household
problems in those villages tended to be imposed on women, dissimilar with the
men who had a tendency to work outside the home to provide their families.
Interestingly, some informants claimed to have ability to divide the activities
of husband or wife to constantly come along the Musrebandes.
c. Lack of socialization and unilateral invitation
Patriarchal
culture believes that the movement symbol in the organization lies on man,
because they are considered worthy to lead. The researcher noted that the
provision of socialization and invitation tended to favour the men. This
condition could be seen from the percentages of the presence of men which was
greater than women. Only a small number of women accepted the invitation. This
result reflected that the village administration or Musrenbangdes committee put aside the presence of women.
d. Lack of women’s education
The
education level reflects their understanding in deciding their behaviour,
particularly in the rural area that was less attention to the women’s
education. The results of the study noted that the unevenness of human
resources hampered the women’s involvement in Musrenbangdes. The level of women’s education at there was still
low, it was difference from the man, who had been successfully gained the
college level. The different level of education distinguished the level of
understanding between the Musrenbangdes
participants, mainly in addressing the importance of participatory planning
that put in prior what the community need.
Reacting
to the factors of women’s involvement, the researcher connected it to Moser
(1993) gender analysis with the pattern of factors analysis. It was used to
describe access and control profiles that could be used to analyse the
supporting or resisting factors in a program. In this research, the studied
program was Musrenbangdes, the scope
of study was culture, education, village social-political circumstances, rule
of law or applicable values and norms, and others. Followingly, the results
showed the supporting or resisting factors which was suitable with the
participatory concepts. The women’s involvement was in accordance to the
women’s critical awareness. Their involvement benefited for enhancing the
women’s capability on the continuous changing, chiefly on the rural development
that expected to improve community’s welfare.
Further,
the women’s involvement and development was still ambiguous and not equally
spread out among the community. The women’s involvement had much benefits,
including providing the women’s independence and internal strength in
participatory planning. In addition, the equality of rights and obligations
between men and women was still not balanced, this could be an access and a
control that was not evenly distributed, and the rights and obligations of
women were not fulfilled. While on the
findings of resisting factors, the internal and external factors of women
resulted less involved in Musrenbangdes.
The problems were due to the gender gap in access and control, in this case the
special attention from village apparatus was needed to facilitate the women
spaces to move and trainings.
CONCLUSION
Referring to the analysis,
the researcher concluded:
1.
The women’s position in involvement
The position of women’s involvement in Musrenbangdes in 2017 that had been held
by Blayu and Patokpicis villages, had not met the 30% of quota from the total number
of participants among men and women during the event. But, although the
percentage of the women was still minimal, they were able to compete with the
men to participate in the committee when the event was holding.
2.
The forms of women’s involvement in Musrenbangdes
There
were two forms of women’s involvement in Musrenbangdes,
which were direct and indirect involvement. In direct involvement, women were
involved in participatory and implementation Musrenbangdes program. Their direct involvement helped to obtain
rights and obligations, convey their thought in the forum as well.
In
indirect involvement, women intended to be participants and the existence of
moral support from women side to retain their rights and obligations on the
result of participatory planning programs in the village. This was also
manifested by women to assist their husband working on the village program that
had run.
3.
The supporting and resisting factors of women’s
involvement in Musrenbangdes
For the
resisting factors, the description were; the time of Musrenbangdes event tended to be less impartial for women, it was
because the agenda began in the evening; double burden that has not been
resolved by women to manage their activities outside their home; the tendency
of lack of socialization and unilateral invitation, the village apparatus put
more priority on men; lack of women’s education in a half of women total number
resulted in lack of caring and understanding to support the sustainability of Musrenbangdes.
Based on the
presentation, below are some suggestions for the women:
1)
The necessary of female awareness to contribute
due to improve the women capability, as the effort to improve the capability,
women has to actively involved or become
an agent, and not just as a participative development performer.
2)
The necessary of women rural leader is to establish
a democrative support, and to ensure that the policy of the rural goverment is
made for the sake of every member of the rural society as has become the
agreement from the rural citizen.
3)
Women Female leader has to maximize the
participation of the representations, especially for those who already joined
in society organization in order to contribute in participative development.
4)
Women has to be capable to negotiate with male
about the subject of support and chance to contribute, in order to get the
women right and obligation in every field.
5)
The rural government has to improve and maximize
the socialization to the women about the goal and the benefit of the
musrenbangdes, this is can be use to understand the importance of women
participation to create the critical awareness.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise to Allah, the Most Gracious and Merciful,
who gave the researcher knowledge to finish this thesis journal.
The researcher express the
deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Dr. Ir. Darsono Wisadirana, MS as the first
advisor, and Dr. Sholih Muadi, SH.,MS as the second advisor. Their dedication
in supporting and advising have been accounted for completing this research,
starting the preliminary study to reporting it.
The village apparatus and
the community in Patokpicis and Blayu village, Wajak sub district, Malang
district, and all researcher’s fellows, they have given the researcher cooperation
and moral support to finish this journal writing. Special thanks to the
researcher’s profound love, Mama and Mami, the elder/young brothers and
sisters for their endless support, affection and caring.
REFERENCES
[1]. Lestari,
A. M. (2013). Partisipasi Perempuan dalam Proses Pemberdayaan Melalui PNPM
Mandiri Perkotaan (Studi Kasus di Desa Tanjungkarang, Kecamatan Jati, Kabupaten
Kudus). Dipetik Desember 19, 2016, dari Perpustakaan Unnes Layani Digital
Library: http://lib.unnes.ac.id/18044/1/3401409032.pdf
[2]. Pratisti, C., Hery, S., & Suadi. (2012). Partisipasi Perempuan
dalam Konservasi Mangrove di Desa Pasar Banggi Kabupaten Rembang. Dipetik
Januari 14, 2017, dari Jurnal Perikanan UGM: https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jfs/article/view/9047/6785
[3]. Ekawati, S. (2010). Partisipasi Perempuan Dalam Musyawarah
Perencanaan Pembangunan (Studi Deskriptif Kualitatif Tentang Partisipasi
Perempuan Dalam Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan Di Kelurahan Joyosuran,
Kecamatan Pasar Kliwon, Kota Surakarta). Dipetik Januari 15, 2017, dari UNS
Institutional Repository: https://eprints.uns.ac.id/3065/1/148721608201011471.pdf.
[4]. Siswijono, S. B., & Darsono, W. (2008). Sosiologi Pedesaan dan Perkotaan.
Malang: Agritek
[5]. Moleong, L. J. (2002). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT
Remaja Rosdakarya.
[6]. ------------------- (2002). Metode
Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
[7]. ------------------- (2002). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif.
Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
[8]. Sugiyono. (2008). Memahami Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung:
Alfabeta.
Ahmad Jaenudin
Email : ahmad724jaenudin@gmail.com
Address : Blok Karanganyar RT/RW 10/03,
Desa Kedungwungu, Kecamatan Krangkeng, Kabupaten Indramayu, Pos 45284
Desa Kedungwungu, Kecamatan Krangkeng, Kabupaten Indramayu, Pos 45284
Lumayan bagus, Blogger menceritakan pentingnya keterlibatan perempuan dalam pembangunan desa, menarik dan bagus, patut kasih jempol nih, tulisannya pakai bahasa inggris pula...
BalasHapus